处理Boto3中的错误& Botocore

假设您有一个可能失败的呼叫（通常称为“每次呼叫”）。有一个充分记录的事实，即说“哈，不必担心X失败”是确保X失败并在凌晨3点寻呼您的唯一方法。您可以使用S3客户端编写这样的代码来创建新存储桶。

>>> import boto3
>>> s3 = boto3.client('s3')
>>> s3.create_bucket(Bucket='test', ACL='private')
botocore.exceptions.ClientError: An error occurred (IllegalLocationConstraintException) when calling the CreateBucket operation: The unspecified location constraint is incompatible for the region specific endpoint this request was sent to. 

This is one of the more common exceptions: a botocore ClientError is bubbling up from the API call layer (botocore) up to your higher-level call (boto3). Unfortunately, the type ClientError doesn't give us enough information to be useful. You can import botocore.exceptions and handle this error by the class (ClientError in this case) but that information isn't enough.

我们必须做更多的工作来根据错误代码处理错误，例如 这些来自S3文档。您的boto3客户端还带有自己的异常工厂-您可以根据这些文档中的任何错误代码来构建异常类并加以捕获。

import boto3
s3 = boto3.client('s3')
try:
    s3.create_bucket(Bucket='test')
except s3.exceptions.from_code('IllegalLocationConstraintException'):
    print('bad location')

Each of these error codes might need special handling. The IllegalLocationConstraintException error above isn't something we can retry our way out of. The error is happening because S3 buckets are globally unique and we're trying to make one called test which someone else has definitely used. We need to pick a new bucket name for the call to succeed. If we were hitting the API too frequently we would get a ClientError with a SlowDown code telling us to wait a little bit before continuing. This would happen if we're bumping up against the S3 API rate limit.

但这不符合我们的想法。如果您尝试使用此方法捕获两个不同的错误代码，我们将始终像这样输入第一个处理程序：

import boto3
s3 = boto3.client('s3')
try:
    s3.create_bucket(Bucket='test')
except ddb.exceptions.from_code('SlowDown'):
    print('Calm yourself')
except ddb.exceptions.from_code('IllegalLocationConstraintException'):
    print('Bad location')

No matter what ClientError we hit this code will always print "Calm yourself" because Python will match the first except that has a matching exception. This is why you want to handle exceptions from most specific to least. Since we can't handle it based on the type of the exception, we need to use the e.response['Error']['Code'] attribute to distinguish between error codes and take the right action.

import boto3
import botocore.exceptions
s3 = boto3.client('s3')
try:
    s3.create_bucket(Bucket='test')
except botocore.exceptions.ClientError as e:
    if e.response['Error']['Code'] == 'SlowDown':
        print('Calm yourself')
    if e.response['Error']['Code'] == 'IllegalLocationConstraintException':
        print('Bad location')
    else: # neither of those codes were right, so we re-raise the exception
        raise

Now we've handled our error, but there may be a better way for us to deal with the wide variety of codes we might want to handle. One little-known fact about Python is the except clause is executed 处理异常时 并且不仅仅必须是异常类。这就是为什么我们能够在较早的示例中编写此行：

except ddb.exceptions.from_code('IllegalLocationConstraintException'):

The from_code function returns an exception class for Python to check and either catch or pass on. We can take advantage of this to examine the current exception. Then we can check the error code and if it's the one we're trying to match we return a ClientError that will trigger the clause to handle our exception. If we don't find a match, we'll return an exception subclass that doesn't exist (the NeverEverRaisedException) so that the clause will never be run.

import sys
import boto3
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError

def is_client_error(code):
    e = sys.exc_info()[1]
    if isinstance(e, ClientError) and e.response["Error"]["Code"] == code:
        return ClientError
    return type("NeverEverRaisedException", (Exception,), {})

s3 = boto3.client('s3')
try:
    s3.create_bucket(Bucket='test')
except is_client_error('SlowDown'):
    print('Calm yourself')
except is_client_error('IllegalLocationConstraintException'):
    print('Bad location')

Now when we run our snippet we get the output we expect: Bad location because the SlowDown clause never matched. But there's still one more thing we can do. If we're outside of an exception, we still want to be able to easily check error codes in a truthy/falsy way. To do that we add a None-defaulting keyword argument so we can use our function like this too:

if is_client_error('SlowDown', exc):
    time.sleep(1)
    pass

最终处理者

当您在异常中传递但位于异常处理程序本身之外时，例如将异常冒泡到日志库以进行扩充，这很有用。我们的最终功能如下所示：

import sys
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError

def is_client_error(code, e=None):
    """Match a botocore.exceptions.ClientError to an error code.

    Returns ClientError if the error code matches, else a dummy exception.

    Based on Ansible's GPL `is_boto3_error_code` //github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/stable-2.9/lib/ansible/module_utils/aws/core.py
    """
    if e is None:
        exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
    else:
        exc = e
    if isinstance(exc, ClientError) and exc.response["Error"]["Code"] == code:
        return ClientError
    return type("NeverEverRaisedException", (Exception,), {}) if e is None else False

We can handle being called as part of an except clause, or anywhere else we find a ClientError to match. This should help you write more readable code and handle errors when working with AWS APIs better.

感谢您的阅读，并度过了愉快的一天。